Standards of Engineering Ethics and Professionalism in the World

The development of engineering ethics can be traced to the turn of the 20th century when the mother engineering associations formulated ethical codes. The engineering ethics refer to the guidelines and principles applied by engineers in their professional practice. Adoption of the first code of ethics was by The Institute of Civil Engineers of England in 1910.From then on it has been established and practiced in most states.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Standards of Engineering Ethics and Professionalism in the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The engineers are required by the law to join professional organizations and obtain professional licenses before they can practice in line with the requirements of other professions such as law, medicine, and accounting. This paper will compare the difference that exists in several codes of ethics around the world as well as how they can be professionally applied f rom different perspectives. In addition to this the paper will seek to determine how the impact of religion of some of the engineering codes. Ever since the professionalization of engineering, there have been conflicts between professional engineers and technical engineers with each group fighting for recognition of supremacy. Professional organizations have strived to incorporate codes of ethics in their rules while technical societies of engineers do not adopt uniform codes of ethics. They prefer to educate their members on the importance of ethics. Engineering ethics often emerge from major disasters and catastrophes in landmark structures. The collapse of the Quebec Bridge in 1907 saw the emergence of the Order of the engineer in America and the iron ring in Canada. Members take an oath to observe the code of ethics and put on a ring to remind them constantly of the commitment to upholding ethics. In the recent past, review of the code of ethics and introduction of engineering e thics as a course in engineering classrooms has been precipitated by misfortunes such as the collapse of The Hyatt Hotel in Kansa and The Challenger disaster. Most professors are not comfortable teaching the course, which involves literature because they are more familiar with teaching quantative and qualitative concepts. Engineering organizations and professional bodies in most countries of the world share similar principles regarding ethics, with the core principles being that public interest should always be put before individual interest. The major issues facing the enforcement of engineering ethics are corruption and high rates of bribery. New issues such as environmental conservation are also emerging. Whistle-blowing (reporting your employer or client in case of activities that may risk public welfare) has remained a gray area in engineering ethics. Engineers are usually in a dilemma whether to uphold the code of ethics and report or to remain loyal to their companies and kee p their jobs.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In America for instance, the code of the Civil Engineers’ society places emphasis on the wellbeing of the public in terms of safety and health. It also requires proficiency and competence in the fieldwork, truth, and faithfulness in dealing with clients, fair competition, upholding the name of the profession, anti-corruption attitude, continuous career development, and provision of opportunities to apprentices or those under their tutelage. Stringent enforcement of professional ethics takes place in The United States of America. This is largely due to the fact that it suits and actions in court by way of public interest litigation. In 1969, the government launched an inquiry into the activities of B.F Goodrich Engineering Company following reports by an employee that it had falsified a brake report after conducting flight tests. Three engineers were indicted in 1989 for storing, handling, and disposing hazardous wastes. They were involved in development of chemical weapons for the army. Until recently, France did not have a code of ethics for engineers or an engineering ethics course for students. This is mainly due to failure of organization due to divisions within the profession and failure of programs to conduct academic research into the discipline. The first code of engineering ethics was adopted by The National Council of Engineers and Scientists of France(CNISF) in 1997.Like other engineers, when it comes to whistleblowing they are torn between public responsibility and fidelity to their employers. The fact that the word engineer has two different meanings (a distinguished professional and a graduate engineer) has made development of engineering ethics problematic. The adopted code proved to be weak because it lacked enforcement procedures and engineers can only join CNISF institutionally through professio nal associations. Most engineers have chosen not to adopt the code and have chosen other ways to observe engineering ethics. On the other hand, in Germany, the engineers association, VDI sought recognition of the profession by demanding to have the title Doktor bestowed upon them. This boosted their prestige and led to respect within the society and faster entrenchment of engineering ethics to uphold the reputation of the profession. In Australia professionalism in engineering is highly regarded and ethics are strictly observed, The institution of engineers views the code as a contract between the engineer and the public that the engineer will prioritize public interest and welfare in exchange for which the public is not to interfere with the regulation of the engineering profession. Development of professionalism has occurred through instituting proceedings against engineers in their individual capacity. This process is similar to the one in Canada.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Standards of Engineering Ethics and Professionalism in the World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Russia, formally known as The USSR, the communist revolution stripped engineers off their professional autonomy stagnating development of engineering codes of ethics. The same case applies in China where due to a tyrannical political regime, technical organizations and professional societies do not have a uniform code of ethics. The Chinese Mechanical Engineers Society is guided by regulations that are akin to a professional code. The approach in Hong Kong is different from the rest of China since I was a former crown colony of The British and so the code is based on The U.K model. The Hong Kong Institute of Engineers achieved a milestone in 1980 by organizing a conference on ethics. The Hong Kong code is unique in that it makes an exception whereby an engineer is working outside Hongkong.It stipulates that such an engineer should abide by the engineering standards of that other country. In India, members of the professional body have to sign a statement declaring that they shall uphold the code of ethics, conduct honorable research, and promote preservation of human dignity. There is no formal written code of conduct sine the individual pledge is considered the ultimate symbol of commitment to ethics as it is stronger than any written code. In Japan, there is no distinct seperation between engineering and science. This is because they are considered a similar enterprise. Engineering ethics are considered to be of the same capacity with those of other scientists, and thus have not developed a lot. Taiwan is another distinct example. Its professional code of ethics departs from the Western outlook and merges social-cultural aspects of The Taiwan people it acknowledges the diverse roles of an engineer at a personal and professional level. Teamwork and collective responsibility is emphasized. Due to respect of hierarchy of age in their culture, younger engineers are to respect established engineers and request for their advice. The elderly engineers should couch and guide the younger engineers on the core values of ethics. Engineers should engage in community service and charity work for the public. In Africa, there are professional engineering bodies in countries such as South Africa and Kenya. For instance in Kenya, the formulation of a code of ethics is underway since a bill has been enacted to pave way for the code. The South African Society of civil engineers already has a code in place. Corruption remains the biggest problem in entrenching engineering ethics in Africa because even the bidding and tendering processes are tainted.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religion controls various aspects of our lives including our choice of fashion.education and even profession. It affects engineers in different ways. It will affect the choice of projects he chooses to work on, the type of research he or she conducts, interaction with other engineers and his views on the effects of the project he chooses to work on. The other aspect involves the response of society towards the work of an engineer and the purpose for such work. Depending on the religious view of the society, a project maybe approved for sponsorship or rejected. For instance, Christians may be unwilling to support an engineer intending to develop an atomic bomb. Religion will therefor influence engineering ethics because if the society considers something unethical from a religious point of view, there is no way in which an engineer can go ahead to do as it will end up besmirching the name of the profession. In states, which have state religions, such religions end up controlling the professionalism of the engineering practice since the engineer must subscribe to the ethics established by such a religion. Whereas there is no state religion in Israel, the heavy Jewish presence means that a professional whether in law, medicine, or engineering cannot engage in any activities deemed unethical by that religion. In Saudi Arabia where Islam is a state religion, contravening principles of Muslim law would be unethical. Environmental issues and the concept of sustainable development are emerging areas in the field of engineering ethics. There is a drive to preserve and conserve the environment for both the present and future generations. Engineering ethics have to become stricter, perhaps the best way to do this would be by formulation of a uniform code of ethics for all engineers across the globe just as we have uniform technical codes. International engineering transactions are on the rise with contractors being hired to embark on various construction projects. An int ernational regulatory framework and common standard has to be established so that engineers are not confused on the ethical standards required of them when they embark on jobs abroad. This can be formulated with the help of international engineering organizations such as The World Federation of Engineering Organizations. This essay on Standards of Engineering Ethics and Professionalism in the World was written and submitted by user Sage to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Summary of the Battle of Stamford Bridge

Summary of the Battle of Stamford Bridge The Battle of Stamford Bridge was part of the invasions of Britain following the death of Edward the Confessor in 1066 and was fought September 25, 1066. English Army Harold Godwinson7,000 men Norwegian Army Harald HardradaTostig Godwinson7,500 men Battle of Stamford Bridge Following the death of King Edward the Confessor in 1066, succession to the English throne fell into dispute. Accepting the crown from the English nobles, Harold Godwinson became king on January 5, 1066. This was immediately challenged by William of Normandy and Harald Hardrada of Norway. As both claimants began building invasion fleets, Harold assembled his army on the south coast with the hope that his northern nobles could repel Hardrada. In Normandy, Williams fleet gathered, but was unable to depart St. Valà ©ry sur Somme due to adverse winds. In early September, with supplies low and his troops obligations expiring, Harold was forced to disband his army. Shortly thereafter, Hardradas forces began landing at Tyne. Aided by Harolds brother, Tostig, Hardrada sacked Scarborough and sailed up the Ouse and Humber Rivers. Leaving his ships and part of his army at Riccall, Hardrada marched on York and met the Earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria in battle at Gate Fulford on September 20. Defeating the English, Hardrada accepted the citys surrender and demanded hostages. The date for the surrender and hostage transfer was set for September 25 at Stamford Bridge, just east of York. To the south, Harold received news of the Viking landing and attacks. Racing north, he gathered a new army and arrived at Tadcaster on the 24th, after marching nearly 200 miles in four days. The next day, he advanced through York to Stamford Bridge. The English arrival caught the Vikings by surprise as Hardrada had expected Harold to stay in the south to confront William. As a result, his forces were not prepared for battle and much of their armor had been sent back to their ships. Approaching Stamford Bridge, Harolds army moved into position. Before the battle commenced, Harold offered his brother the title of earl of Northumbria if he would desert. Tostig then asked what Hardrada would receive if he withdrew. Harolds reply was that since Hardrada was a tall man he could have seven feet of English earth. With neither side willing to yield, the English advanced and began the battle. The Viking outposts on the west bank of the River Derwent fought a rearguard action to allow the rest of the army to prepare. During this fight, legend refers to a single Viking berserker who single-handedly defended Stamford Bridge against all odds until stabbed from below the span by a long spear. Though overwhelmed, the rearguard provided Hardrada time to assemble his forces into a line. In addition, he dispatched a runner to summon the rest of his army, led by Eyestein Orre, from Riccall. Pushing across the bridge, Harolds army reformed and charged the Viking line. A prolonged melee ensued with Hardrada falling after being struck by an arrow. With Hardrada slain, Tostig continued the fight and was aided by Orres reinforcements. As sunset approached, both Tostig and Orre were killed. Lacking a leader the Viking ranks began to waver, and they fled back to their ships.   Aftermath and Impact of the  Battle of Stamford Bridge While exact casualties for the Battle of Stamford Bridge are not known, reports suggest that Harolds army suffered a large number of killed and wounded and that Hardradas was nearly destroyed. Of the approximately 200 ships the Vikings arrived with, only around 25 were needed to return the survivors to Norway. While Harold had won a stunning victory in the north, the situation in the south was deteriorating as William began landing his forces in Sussex on September 28. Marching his men south, Harolds depleted army met William at the Battle of Hastings on October 14. In the battle, Harold was killed and his army defeated, opening the way for the Norman conquest of England. Resources and Further Reading UK Battlefield Resource Centre: Battle of Stamford BridgeBritain Express: Battle of Stamford BridgeBattle of Stamford Bridge

A Concept note is designed to allow you to demonstrate an Essay

A Concept note is designed to allow you to demonstrate an understanding of the concepts that are dealt with during the delivery of the module - Essay Example Positivism emerged due to the rejection of the metaphysics concepts for example, god. Sociologists then found it difficult to explain concepts and neither could they prove and test these ideas; therefore, they saw the need of looking for alternative ideas. Moreover, they felt that social science should be as objective and verifiable like other subjects; thus, they came up with positivism as an alternative to metaphysics (Anderson, 2004; p. 142). Therefore, positivism was applied to describe social phenomenon, but did not dig deep into what was unlikely be known or those phenomena that were considered to be beyond the scope of social science. The positivists concluded that research work could be analyzed and concluded only from what is observable. Therefore, according to positivism, what could be seen and measured from the subject matter under study. Notably, positivism can find its application in research marketing in that some phenomena of marketing can only be measured and analyzed through observation (Browne, 2006; p. 400). For instance, observation is sometimes vital in measuring the trend in some market activity from which conclusions can be made on the best marketing practices to be incorporated to increase such marketing activities. On the other hand, Interpretivism emerged because scientists felt that human being were never puppets to respond to stimuli in certain defined or prescribed manner. The defined human beings as purposeful and active: thus, they were expected to react to stimuli in differently depending on their means of interaction and interpretation (Belk, 2006; p. 157). Moreover, they define human beings as objects having power and intent interpret actions; therefore, they were capable to construct actions taking place within their surroundings as opposed to being mere spectators to the events taking place about them (Browne, 2006; p. 400). The interpretivists stressed on the thinking, behaviors, and intentions of human beings

The Integration of Sustainability Initiatives (green) and Performance Research Paper

The Integration of Sustainability Initiatives (green) and Performance Excellence Intiatives - Research Paper Example Additionally, it led to reduction of trees consumption. Proper implementation of the initiatives enabled the company to make $ 2.4 millions in expenditure savings (Espinoza & Walker, 2007). Dow Chemical Company adopted green and performance initiatives in the 1990s. The company reduced the use of water. Initially, the company used a large amount of water in the production processes. It adopted various initiatives that aimed at improving the wellbeing of the environment. The environmental initiatives were complemented by performance structures that ensured sustained performance of the business. The other initiatives that the company developed include utilization of seed oils in the production of polyurethane foam, and use of sugarcane in the production of polyethylene. These were done in Brazil. Furthermore, the company used biodiesel waste to produce high-tech epoxy resins. The initiatives enabled Dow Chemical Company to make $ 5 billion because of savings and efficiencies that resulted (Espinoza & Walker, 2007). This occurred during the period between 2000 and the year 2005. The concepts of sustainability and performance initiatives have been used in development of promotion strategies. New Belgium Brewing has used the initiatives to market the company, improve performance and increase market share of the company. The core beliefs and values of the company relate to the environment. They seek to ensure sustainability approach in the use of the environment. The company adopted the use of wind power in the production process in 1998. Previously, the company used hydroelectric power. Since then, the company has adopted other sustainability approaches to business. An example of the initiatives includes use of heat in the brewery to light buildings. The management of the company used the sustainability approach to brand the business (Mintzer, 2008). Curtis Packaging took a

Leadership and Management - Critically analyse the effectiveness of Research Paper

Leadership and Management - Critically analyse the effectiveness of leadership as portrayed in Elizabeth (1998) - Research Paper Example The effectiveness of her leadership is demonstrated by her ability to shape the politics of England as well as the critical decisions that shaped the political environment of that time. Elizabeth (1998) is a 1998 biographical film, in the role of Queen Elizabeth I of England. The movie explores the leadership outlook and the reign of Elizabeth, which started after the death of her half-sister Mary I, who had held her as a captive (Elizabeth 1998). Her reign over the bankrupt and divided territory was considered to pose a high risk of invasion by Spain and France, but the effectiveness of her leadership appears to dissolve the issues facing the territory. Through the effective leadership outlook of Elizabeth, she is able to surmount major internal threats, including that of Eccleston, the 4th Duke of Norfolk and that from the armies of Ardant (Mary of Guise), which took place at Scotland. Using her leadership outlook and using the wits of leadership, she evades plots from Gielgud (Pope Pius V). Through her effective teamwork with partners like Rush (Francis Walsingham), she masters both external and internal threats, and manages to execute the plotters of the attacks very effectively. After realizing that her affair with Fiennes (Robert Dudley) was compromising her effectiveness as a leader, she resolves to stay married to England only. At the conclusion of the movie, the effectiveness of her leadership leads to the initiation of England’s golden age, which demonstrated the positive outlook of her reign and leadership style (Elizabeth 1998). This paper will explore the leadership characteristics of Elizabeth, which signify that her leadership was effective – like it is portrayed through the film. The paper will also explore relevant leadership issues, towards demonstrating the effectiveness of Elizabeth, citing relevant

HM and its communication strategy

HM and its communication strategy The characteristics of the corporate communication of an organisation depend upon the standards and the structure of market it is competing with. This report provides a critical analysis of HMs Corporate Communication Strategy taking different frameworks and models into consideration and successfully applying it on the organisation. Today HM has about 2206 stores widespread over 38 countries all over the globe. So it becomes really very significant for the organisation to have an efficient communication strategy. This report portrays the efficiency of communication strategy of HM. Introduction According to Joep Cornelissen (2004, p.23) Corporate communication is a management function that offers a framework and vocabulary for the effective coordination of all means of communications with the overall purpose of establishing and maintaining favourable reputations and stakeholders groups upon which the organisation is dependent .In other words we can say that the Communication strategy of an organisation performs an essential role in the growth, unification and maintenance of different stakeholder groups, its Image, Reputation and Identity. Cornelissen has summarised corporate communication via historical vista. He viewed that every organisations engaged through communication with the number of groups in environment to stay economically afloat in the early 1900s. In the 20th century, the job of managing communications had been determined principally via public relations and marketing functions. But this being an intrinsically parochial approach, the contemporary figures of co mmunication management have consolidated these divisions into the extensive corporate communication function. Moreover due to the shift from inflexible to flexible market scenario and growing competitive marketplace, this jointly with the greater call from society for corporate citizenship has resulted in thrusting many organisations into stakeholder management strategies. He specified corporate communication to be the management function that has come to fulfilment in this stakeholder era and to establish and administer relationships with the stakeholder groups upon which the organisation depends economically and socially. Riel(1995,p.26) has defined Corporate Communication is an instrument of management by means of which all conscious used form of internal and external communications are harmonised as effectively and efficiently as possible, so as to create a favourable basis for the relationships with the groups upon which the company is dependent HM opened its first Hennes store in Vasteras, Sweden in 1947. At first it sells only womens clothes but in 1968 with the takeover of Mauritz Widforss, it began to sell both mens and womens clothes and the name were changed to Hennes and Mauritz. Corporate Communication Strategy of H M At present HM is operating in 38 countries having 2206 stores (30 Nov. 2010) with 76000 employee working on the same philosophy i.e. to provide fashion and quality at the best price. HM carry out its strategy by focusing on three main characteristics of business ((AR1 2008) :- Price: HM controls price by limiting middlemen, buying in outsized quantity and appropriate merchandise and sustaining effectual distributing process. Design: The designing of the products is done in-house and production is totally outsourced. Quality: Main focus is on superiority with widespread testing and warranting less environmental harm. The Corporate Communication strategy of HM can also be well explained by The total communication domain model by Aberg, L., (1990). The model looks like a wheel having four sections:- 1 Support of Core Operating:- HM most valued assets are its employers working in the organisation which could be well understood by the statement issued by its CEO. He said that it is only its employee who makes its corporate strategy possible. He stated that HM delegate a lot of corporate responsibility on its employers and they boost people to take own steps and initiatives. (AR1, 2008) 2 Profiling HM arrange a seminar both at home and abroad in order to understand various cultures, arrange exhibitions and inspires employees to study fashion magazines, watch movies and many more things. 3 Informing HM informs the stakeholders about the rectifications of internal as well as external information regarding the activities. 4 Socialising HM cheers its employees of various ethnic groups to work collectively and to gain experience and acquaintance from one and all. image002 External and Internal Communication External communication is the method of information outside the organisation. Bovee and Thill, 2005 The external communication links the organisation with the outside world of customers, suppliers and investors. HM use the following model for the effective external communication. HM conveys all the newly made products to the customers by the medium of Newspapers, Magazines, and Websites etc. HM dont have any industries but it works with 800 suppliers and around 2700 production units. HM keeps transparency by publishing monthly, quarterly, half yearly and annually the financial reports. It organises general meetings annually. Customers Suppliers Investors HM Stakeholders Environment and Community Internal Communication is a method by which the exchange of information takes place within an organisation. Every employee of an organisation is it the director or a small employee has some information that needs to send both internally and externally. The internal communication system has transformed to downward, upward, horizontal and diagonal communication from the downward communication. HM everyone is approachable to one another and that clearly shows that everyone has got equal status in HM. This is known as Lateral or Horizontal Communication. HMs Internal Communication model can be explained by using Evan,1990 model. Corporate Identity, Image and Reputation:- Corporate identity is described as the tangible manifestation of the personality of a company. (Gregory and Weichmann, 1999, p.64) has defined Corporate Identity to be a visual statement of who and what a company is. The Berkigt and Stadler model of corporate identity (Cornelissen, 2nd edition, p.67) explains the HMs corporate identity. The model illustrates HMs organisational culture, its mission, vision and how it wants to be recognised as by the stakeholder groups outside organisation. The HM communication aspires to assemble the brand in the long and the short term as well as communicating its offer. Costumers should be acquainted with what HM stands for, i.e. Fashion and Quality at best price. HM do a lot of heavy marketing of its diverse products to attract its targeted audiences and convey them what HM stands for. C:Users21119444AppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5BUHE4KG2p%20001[1].jpg The Birkigt and Stadler model of corporate identity According to Dowling, 1986, Corporate Image can be defined as a set of meaning by which an object is known and through which people describe, remember and relate to it as a result of interaction of a persons beliefs, ideas, feelings and impression about an object. The corporate image of HM can be explained by applying the corporate image model of Dowling. HM provides its employees an open door policy in order to put forward any work related issues to the management HM consider open and constructive dialogue with the trade unions as an essential aspect and it has a positive experience of it. Examples include its agreement with Union Network International and European Works Council (AR1, 2008). HM gives key focus on skill development of its employees by providing training on customer service, CSR, garment handling etc. (HM, CSR, 2008, p.47). Formal Communication Policies Employees image of the company External group image of company Organizational culture External interpersonal communication Previous product experience Support by the members of distribution channel Marketing media communication According to Balmer, 2001 Corporate Reputation is enduring perception held of an organisation by an individual, group or network. HM uses its brand image and reputation for taking advantage over its competitors and to satisfy the different stakeholders. Internal- The Role of HR and corporate communication It is always seen that the work of role of HR is never given much prominence in wider communication strategies. HR departments are mostly excluded from the spheres of departments of communications. HM is operating its business in 38 countries and their staffs come from culturally widespread background. Whenever HM opens any new store anywhere, it employs the local staff. Right form the process of recruitment to the process of rotating jobs, rewarding employees, developing guidelines etc, HR plays an important role. Turner (2003, p20) has given a model that links HRM with performance. Here the author has suggested good communication to attach the HR policies and HR strategies. For the HR practises the author has suggested effective management of people to the line managers and for performance he has suggested effective communication of good people practise which is quite important for HM which is a big MNC. Role of technology in corporate communication:- Oliver (1997, p128) has given a communication framework related to the IT technology. The framework shows the cultural values and beliefs aligned with the vision of the organisation. He has put forward a model which is designed by Goldberg and Sifonis named as Communication Framework which depends on hypothesis of management taken on intuitive ground and should be imparted using internal and external stakeholders. HM is using smart technology like semacode bar through their mobile phones so that they can products shown in the advertisements instantly. It is an outstanding utilization of the technology. Culture and its influence in corporate communication The culture clarifies the models of hypothesis and behavioural statements by humans for their environment whether it is a state, a local community, a market or an industry. No doubt a firm render guidelines, hand-outs and norms in the indigenous language but still it requires more than just the translation. To tackle it HM chose and recruit present and future employees on the basis of culture where it is operating. This help in creating organisational culture in HM which in turn helps in efficient management, inspires employees for effective teamwork and provides opportunities to them for growth. HM venerates the local customs. HM has a task oriented culture. It pays much emphasis on local recruitment so as to fit in the countries organisational culture. Think globally and Act locally is the success reason for HM or we can say HM is Glocal. Determinants of Effective Communication of HM can be demonstrated as (Linda Beamer, Iris varner 2001 p,351):- 1 HM trains Employees at different level so as to enhance their intercultural business communication skills. 2 HM send top employees to foreign subsidiaries which is more productive. 3 HM starts training employees from the age above 16. This means the employees are more flexible and easy to afford. 4HM carefully looks for employees not just with the technical skills but also the one who can fit in the culture and stimulating frameworks. 5 More important, HM creates an atmosphere where the employees much freedom to express, speak and be open minded. Determinants of Effectiveness of Message Conclusion . The various Frameworks, the models and the Approaches shows the advantages and the disadvantages which depends on the organisation on which these frameworks and models are applied. HM functions in a very high competitive environment. HM enjoys outstanding corporate identity, image and reputation. The various frameworks and models used evaluates the effectiveness of HMs communication policies and its communication internally and externally. They also reflects the comprehension of the various communication policies and reflects the requirement for efficient communication in modern era. HM is using latest technology for its effective corporate communication. HM is a glocal brand that works globally but acts locally. To conclude wecan say that HM has a very effective operational communication model to administer near about 76000 employees from 38 countries working in 2206 stores.

Trifles :: essays research papers

Characters Mrs. Peters Mrs. Hale Mrs. Wright Sheriff Peters Scene: Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters bringing Mrs. Wright her personal belongings. Time Period of the Play Mrs. Hale: Minnie how yer’ holding up? Mrs. Wright: Alright I guess, how is my fruit? Mrs. Peters: (nervously digging in her bag) Oh they are just fine, here we brought you one of you jars of cherries. Mrs. Hale: Minnie (in a low tense manner), Mrs. Peters and I thought it was a good idea to bring some of the quilt boxes you were piecing together, you know to keep your mind off all this for a while, but as we gathered your sewing material we found-we found†¦ Mrs. Peters: This (pulling the dead bird from Mrs. Hale’s bag) poor dead bird! Mrs. Wright: (Oblivious to the dead bird) Ah, my fruit! My apron, where is my apron? Mrs. Hale: (In an elevated voice) The bird Minnie, what happened to the bird? Mrs. Wright: (Raising a brow) The bird died, died like Mr. Wright. (Shivering) I’m cold and I just want to go back home. Mrs. Peters: Mrs. Wright it will all be over soon, just tell the Sheriff everything that happened and you’ll be home in two shakes of a lambs tale. Mrs. Wright: There is nothing to tell I was asleep and when I awoke he was just lying there, dead. Mrs. Hale: Minnie there is no evidence of someone breaking into the house. Mrs. Wright: I’m a heavy sleeper. Mrs. Peters: (Looking down at the dead bird) Mrs. Wright this bird has had the life choked out of him, if I were to show this to Mr. Peters they’ll be sure to find you guilty. Mrs. Wright: Guilty of what? I did everything for Mr. Wright, I loved him with all my heart, and I tried to give him children without any luck. (With tears in her eyes) He would beat me and ravage me. I still loved him. That bird was like my child, it brought me joy. We would sing together that little bird and I. Mrs. Hale: (With a look of disgust) Minnie, if I would have†¦ Mrs. Wright: One night he was angry with me because I hadn’t cleaned, he pulled the bird out of his cage and- and (starting to cry) twisted its little neck. He said that women need to be disciplined and he pulled me into our room and ravaged my body (she then opened her blouse revealing bruises upon bruises).

Opening Statement for State V. John Hudson and Dale Buckner

Case #1 State v. John Hudson and Dale Buckner (Charged with murder and attempted robbery) Good Afternoon Ladies and Gentleman†¦Todays trial will be on Felony Murder and Attempted Robbery. John Hudson and Dale Buckner are murderers. And the evidence of this case will show, that they have undoubtedly committed the crimes brought upon them and should be punished to the fullest extent of the law.In accordance to the Penal Law, Murder in the first degree is defined â€Å"With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person†¦ the victim was killed while the defendant was in the course of committing / attempting to commit in furtherance of robbery [or other such felonies. ]{ §125. 27(1)(a)(vii)}† This is also known as Felony Murder. Robbery is also defined as forcible stealing. On February 14th 2011 in a small clothing store owned and managed by Sidney and Sara Lazar, a very heinous crime was committed.Two average looking men wearing black leather jackets entered the store at approximately 3:15 pm, later to be â€Å"proven† to be John Hudson and Dale Buckner. When approaching the counter with a . 38 revolver in hand, the defendant demanded all of the money from the register. As the other man stood point at the entrance to the store. Mrs. Lazar let out a scream, produced from shear fear for her life. In doing so, Dale Bruckner responded â€Å"Shut her up Johnny† which resulted in Mrs. Lazar being brutally shot in the head, dreadfully causing death on impact.Soon after the gun went off, the two men fled the store and took off in a black Cadillac sedan. This left a deceased woman and her innocent husband at the scene of the crime in a pool of blood. Five minutes later Officer Reilly arrived on the scene and accessed the situation. With diligent research and a thorough investigation, the arrest of the defendants was reinforced by the owner ship of a . 38 caliber pistol, a newly registered black Cadillac Seda n as well as a previous criminal record from both of the defendants. I will call the prosecution’s witness Mr.Sidney Lazar to the witness stand to divulge the utter gruesome details of how his wife was shot in cold blood, in front of his very own eyes. I will also call to testify the prosecution’s witness and innocent bystander Richard Green to the witness stand. He will help us positively identify the defendants, and reinforce that the defendants did in fact commit the crimes charged, as he was the only eye witness that saw the defendants leave the scene of the crime. These two men witnessed the crime take place and are testifying that the two defendants did in fact kill Mrs.Lazar. Investigator Sam Reilly will also be called to testify, in that he was the first investigator on the scene. Shortly after the murder, Officer Reilly went to the defendant’s home at 2435 Damen Street, apt #2B and forced down Mr. John Hudsons’ and Dale Buckner’s door. Whi le at the apartment, Officer Reilly Recovered a . 38 revolver (matching the gun from the crime scene), a black leather jacket, and a newly registered Black Cadillac Sedan; which matched the description of the getaway car.Due to officer Reilly’s work, pertinent details of the defendant’s background and belongings have been brought to trial and will help us prove that the defendants did, beyond a reasonable doubt murder, and assist in murdering Mrs. Sara Lazar. Upon arrest, the defendant’s both refused to make a statement concerning the killing of Mrs. Lazar. Ladies and Gentleman, the defense; John Hudson and Dale Buckner claim that they were not at the scene of the crime on the fourteenth of February at approximately 3:15 pm.Conveniently two months after the incident, William Barr was interviewed by Investigator Albert LaRue and swore that he saw the defendants at â€Å"Sam’s Chicken Shack† at about 3:15 on the day of the murder. He failed to mentio n this until two months later. His failure to be expeditious about his alibi just proves his minute acquaintance to the defendant’s. Although Mr. Barr might not have a previous criminal record, he is blinded to the lack of moral aptitude held by the defendants here today. In addition to Mr.Barr’s testimony, a Pathologist will testify and will help us better understand the cause of death, of Mrs. Lazar. As well as a ballistic expert, will attest to the knowledge of the weapon used in this murder case and will help us verify that the . 38 caliber pistol was in fact the murder weapon of this case. In the course of this trial I will demonstrate that these two defendants did in fact commit the crime of murder and attempted robbery. The lack of morality expressed by the defendant’s actions will assist us in concluding with a verdict of guilty for these two men.I expect to prove that without a doubt these two men are in fact murderers. Those who perform such crimes wit h intent to kill someone, men of distaste, and men of disgust, men who lack a conscience, and can kill an innocent woman deliberately with no remorse. Once again, these men are dangerous; we must prove today that the evidence brought upon us will show in its entirety that John Hudson and Dale Buckner committed the crimes before them. These two men must face ramifications and should go to jail forever. Mr. Hudson’s previous conviction of aggravated assault and Mr.Buckner’s previous conviction of theft go hand in hand. Their previous crimes make a perfect match for the situation imminent. They will be punished and Mrs. Lazar’s death will not go overlooked. Ladies and gentlemen of the jury let me ask you, would you be able to sleep at night knowing that these two men are on the streets, and have the ability to commit such a crime once more? Would you feel safe having your kids walk to the ice cream store knowing that these killers could possibly be around the corne r just waiting for their opportunity to strike again?These men must be taught a lesson now, so these streets can be kept safe for the ones we love. Definitions †¢Robbery – is forcible stealing. A person forcibly steals property and commits robbery when, in the course of committing a larceny, he uses or threatens the immediate use of physical force upon another person for the purpose of: Preventing or overcoming resistance to the taking of the property or to the retention thereof immediately after the taking; or Compelling the owner of such property or another person to deliver up the property or to engage in other conduct which aids in the commission of the larceny. Murder -A person is guilty of murder in the first degree when: -With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or of a third person; and -the victim was killed while the defendant was in the course of committing or attempting to commit and in furtherance of robbery, †¢Homicide The deliberate and unlawful killing of one person by another; murder.

WAL MART CHINA SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS STRATEGY Essay Example

WAL MART CHINA SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS STRATEGY Essay Example WAL MART CHINA SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS STRATEGY Paper WAL MART CHINA SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS STRATEGY Paper 1. Explore through the literature the construct of ( Business ) sustainability and explicate it briefly. Besides utilizing mentions on Operations Strategy depict what sustainability in operations scheme means. Traditional cost direction theoretical accounts tend to merely concentrate on production costs, whilst ignore merchandise s cost of design, development and clients utilizing. In other words, the concern concern seeable costs and ignore intangible costs that means the devastation of the environing environment such as the cost of societal duty during production the procedure. Therefore, endeavors want to win the competition, they must alter the traditional theoretical account of cost direction and keep the lowest cost in the life rhythm of merchandise. A broader position of merchandise life rhythm cost which includes societal duty cost should be a portion of concern operations scheme or should be a portion of concern sustainability scheme. Business sustainability is a concern attack have policies of environmental and human rights which means the concern creates long-run stockholder value from no negative influence chances and pull offing hazards on planetary or local society, environment, community and economic system [ 3 ] . Smukowski [ 2 ] claimed that the construct of concern sustainability is a anterior program of the long-run viability and optimising resource demands, cut downing environmental, energy or societal impacts which will non damage the profitableness of concern. It can be drumhead from above that sustainable concern means the endeavor consider non merely fiscal factors, but besides more comprehensive concern the impact of environmental and resource efficiency. 2. Discourse what Sustainability means to Wal-Mart, Wal-Mart China, and Wal-Mart China s current and possible clients. What would you see to be a balanced definition of sustainability for the concern? Answer: ( 1 ) Wal-Mart In order to run concern sustainability, Wal-mart combined value and service constructs of advanced operational schemes and set three sustainability aims including more efficiency of vehicle fleet, cut down waste and energy economy. First of wholly, to unite value and service of its advanced operational schemes involve 14 SVNS made Wal-mart became the largest organic marketer and the largest organic cotton buyer. In add-on, Wal-mart besides through its integrating of supply concatenation and ROHS conformity which including provider or seller selected and scored to accomplish concern sustainable purposes. For case, Wal-mart sold 110 million compact fluorescent illuming successful with its spouse called GE. ( 2 ) Wal-Mart China In term of Wal-Mart China, its through 5 SVNS range concern sustainable. First of wholly, the scheme of sustainable shop and operation can assist Wal-Mart China cut down cost and diminish Wal-Mart China s footmark of operations. Second, to develop sustainable merchandises such as nutrient, electronic fabrics and merchandise packaging widen its concern sustainability supply concatenation and conformity. Third, to heighten efficiencies of its supply concatenation non merely cut down cost but besides footmark of whole concatenation. Fourthly, to do a good communicating with its stakeholders is another critical issue of its concern. Fifthly, Wal-Mart China besides through portion learned experiences with its provider or seller to do its sustainable supply concatenation more successful. Sixthly, Wal-Mart China employed T5 energy salvaging light bulb and dual sides copy to diminish its energy waste of its concern. Last, Wal-Mart China promotes the merchandise which is an energy efficient b ulb for its clients that is besides an activity of concern sustainability. ( 3 ) Wal-Mart China s current Wal-Mart China s sustainable logistics centres helped its cut down 31 dozenss of CO2 emanation per twelvemonth. For illustration, T5 light bulbs can salvage 20 to 30 per centum energy per twenty-four hours in warehouse countries and resting topographic points and to utilize solar energy and air current power generator can 7,300 kilowatt hours per twelvemonth. In add-on, Wal-mart encouraged its clients to utilize reclaimable shopping bags through some awards including particular express check-out procedure line. Finally, Wal-Mart China s merchandizing group still go oning physiques sustainability step tools for supplier choice and some on traveling rating of purchase measures which can heighten its provider s efficiency of sustainability. Wal-Mart China besides go oning creates advanced enterprises of sustainable and implements best patterns for pass oning to all of its stakeholders. ( 4 ) Potential clients If clients can take Wal-mart s sustainability merchandises which non merely better the personal activity of environmental but besides protect the Earth. Although the sustainability merchandises monetary value might higher than others, it still have some advantages such as cut down cost of electronic, long clip for usage and non pollution. Harmonizing to the article, T5 energy salvaging visible radiation bulbs could salvage approximately 20 to 30 per cent energy which means its can besides cut down the cost of electronic of 20 to 30 per cent. 3. Identify the distinguishing characteristics of Wal-Mart China s distribution system and operations. Explain how it achieves comparatively high handiness with similar degrees of stock to other companies. Answer: In order to supply high quality merchandises for clients and the committedness of concern s operations scheme, Wal-Mart China combines their high employee productiveness, latest engineering, experienced co-transport sector, an efficient private truck fleet and distribution centre operations which non merely is an advantage of Wal-Mart China s stock list direction but besides increase efficiency of lading and bringing. Harmonizing to the article, there are some advantages of Wal-Mart China s distribution centre: ( 1 ) Sustainable logistics centres First of all, Wal-Mart China s distribution centre uses T5 visible radiation bulbs which can salvage 20 to 30 per centum energy per twenty-four hours in warehouse countries and resting topographic points. Second, in order to cut down energy waste, Wal-Mart China s distribution centre maintains control their air conditioning and heat recycling systems temperature. Third, there are 25,550 kilowatt hours salvaging caused by 10 solar energy H2O warmers which provide 1.7 dozenss hot H2O per twenty-four hours. Last, Wal-Mart China s distribution centre usage solar cells and air current power station to do up to 7,300 kWs power per twelvemonth. As a consequence, each Wal-Mart China s distribution centre besides decreased CO2 by it. ( 2 ) Outsourced a standardizes hauling fleet Individual provider ship was lower than expected fill rates. Wal-Mart China outsourced an efficient private hauling fleet which deliver merchandises from DC to DC or from DC to SC. It non merely helps Wal-Mart China achieves a good inventory direction but besides cut down out of stock rate. In add-on, in order to do its trucking swift squads more efficiency, new electronic engineering is used in its logistics direction [ 6 ] . First of all, Wal-Mart China through the electronic technique of orbiter, GPS controls the province of conveyance. Second, Wal-Mart China besides uses the electronic technique of GIS which provide digital electronic traffic map can propose the best path of its bringing. Therefore, it can be concluded from above that Wal-Mart go a first company is non inadvertent. Advanced electronic technique of Wal-Mart China s distribution system non merely increase efficiency of its merchandises bringing, but besides decrease the state of affairs of out of stock. ( 3 ) Centralized direction of returning merchandises Wal-Mart China s distribution system besides has an advantage of centralised direction merchandises which has quality jobs, slow gross revenues or obsolescence. These merchandises will besides be returned to vendor by Wal-Mart China s distribution system. In drumhead, it is clear that Wal-Mart China s distribution system and operations can offer a stable stock list which is portion of Wal-Mart China s safety stock. By manner of refilling merchandises intensively from distribution centre, it non merely reduces clip of out stock but besides increase the circulating of goods. In add-on, as Wal-Mart China has a really complete and standard systems or procedure of distribution such as outsourced a standardizes hauling fleet, new electronic engineering and centralized direction which besides let Wal-Mart China go a extremely competitory advantage of China s retail merchant industry. 4. How sustainability should be incorporated in the procedure of choice and rating of suppliers/vendors? Answer: In order to accomplish concern sustainability successful, both endeavor and its providers or sellers have responsible of their functions. First of all, endeavor should offer the petitions of sustainability, and so seek to happen the providers or sellers who have production techniques of sustainability. Furthermore, to hold a good communicating and coaction including portion learned experiences with its providers or seller is a critical portion of aims of sustainability. Harmonizing to the article [ 4 ] , in order to accomplish ROHS conformity, Wal-Mart adopt ROHS ordinance criterion in some of its operations including provider choice and merchandise choice. For the first illustration, P A ; G which is a big international provider has a long standing working relationship with Wal-Mart in other parts of universe including the U.S.A. It has a sustainability plan construct called guaranting a better quality of life for everyone, now and for coevalss to come throughout its world-wide operations [ 4 ] . As can be seen from it, the sustainability development plan for P A ; G non merely is a slogan, but besides is a committedness for its clients. For the 2nd illustration, Blue Moon which is a Chinese national chemical merchandises company provide some soap and cleansing agent in China. Blue Moon besides has a sustainable plan of its merchandises called Protecting the environment is protecting all of us. Our merchandises deliver non merely cleanliness b ut besides protection to our clients [ 4 ] . In order to accomplish its object of sustainable, biodegradable stuffs which meet a green environmental demands used in Blue Moon s merchandises. For the 3rd illustration, Wal-mart China besides created a inaugural sustainable aim which called P2E2 plan allowed providers to rapidly and cheaply fit their mills with cost salvaging equipment [ 4 ] . In order to go oning meet sustainable aims, Wal-mart builds a sustainability rating tools which used in its provider choice and merchandise or material purchase. For case, Wal-mart China had implemented a packaging mark to step and calculates efficiency and aim. In the terminal, this plan besides a 13 per cent cost decrease in Wal-mart s packaging. It can be drumhead, if the endeavor wants to accomplish, to incorporate whole supply concatenation members such as providers and sellers are really of import. In other words, to develop sustainable supply concatenation scheme is the lone attack to do concern sustainability which non merely creates a perfect trade name image for clients but besides protects the Earth. 5. How sustainability can be improved in Wal-Mart s distribution and retail operations. Answer: Harmonizing to the article, Dong [ 4 ] asserted that sustainability will be distinguishing factor between a good endeavor and a great one. ( 1 ) Energy efficient illuming Wal-mart used T5 energy salvaging visible radiation bulbs which could salvage approximately 20 to 30 per cent energy in its warehouse or infinite of remainder. ( 2 ) Less waste of air conditioning and heat recycling system Wal-mart maintained the temperatures of its air conditioning and heat recycling system which besides is an attack of energy economy. ( 3 ) Alternative energy Wal-mart used 10 solar energy H2O warmers which can salvage up to 25,550 kW hours each twelvemonth to bring forth hot H2O. Wal-mart besides used solar cells and air current power generators which can supply 7,300 kilowatt hours per twelvemonth. These alternate energy non merely salvage Wal-mart cost of electronic but besides cut down 31 dozenss of CO2 emanations every twelvemonth. ( 4 ) Outsourced 3rd party logistics Outsourcing a standardised hauling fleet non merely better Wal-mart s effectual of cargos but besides cut down the hazard of goods going. ( 5 ) Reclaimable shopping bags Wal-mart encouraged its clients to utilize reclaimable shopping bags through some awards including particular express check-out procedure line. ( 6 ) Offer two energy efficient bulbs Wal-mart China offer two energy efficient bulbs for the monetary value of one and work with local providers in its part. After this, Wal-mart China accepted duty and the associated cost of the safe disposal of fluids. ( 7 ) Batteries placed In order to work out batteries placed jobs, Wal-mart provided a recycle topographic point for client to cover with it. ( 8 ) Packaging decrease Wal-mart China had implemented a packaging mark to step and calculates efficiency and aim in its apple providers. In the terminal, this plan besides a 13 per cent cost decrease in Wal-mart s packaging. As can be seen above, by and large talking, concern sustainability construct including logistics, selling and supply concatenation has many benefit of the endeavor. Mention to the article ; the writers [ 4 ] believe that more economical state of affairs caused by more sustainable options. In other words, it non merely cut down cost of operations but besides make more loyal in long tally of its clients.

Discover the Benefits of Whole Class Instruction

Discover the Benefits of Whole Class Instruction Whole group instruction is direct instruction using traditional textbooks or supplemental materials with minimal differentiation in either content or assessment. It is sometimes referred to as whole class instruction. It is typically provided through teacher-led direct instruction. The teacher provides the entire class with the same lesson regardless of where any particular student is. The lessons are typically designed to reach the average student in the classroom. The Teaching Process Teachers evaluate understanding throughout the lesson. They may reteach certain concepts when it appears that many students in the class do not understand them. The teacher will likely provide student learning activities designed to practice new skills, and that will also build on previously learned skills. In addition, whole group instruction is a great opportunity to review previously learned skills to help a student maintain their proficiency in using them. Whole group instruction is easy to plan for. It takes a lot more time to plan for a small group or individual instruction than it does for an entire group. Addressing the whole group takes one plan, where addressing small groups of students takes multiple plans or approaches. The key to planning for whole group instruction is two part. First, the teacher must develop a lesson that engages students throughout the entirety of a lesson.  Second, the teacher must be able to teach the concepts in such a way that the majority of the class grasp the information that is being presented.  Doing these two things helps decrease the amount of time needed for reteaching and/or small group instruction. The First Step in a System Whole group instruction is a terrific tool for introducing new material. Introducing concepts in a whole group setting gives the teacher the opportunity to present the basic material to every student at once. Many students will pick up these new concepts through whole group instruction, particularly if the lessons are dynamic and engaging. Trying to introduce a new concept in a small group setting is both cumbersome and repetitive.  Whole group instruction ensures that every student is exposed to key concepts and new information on a particular topic. It should, however, serve a first step in the learning process. Whole group instruction helps determine a baseline for learning and assessment. Within any class, there are going to be students who pick up new concepts quickly and those who take a little more time. Teachers utilize the information gained from whole group instruction to plan for the future. Teachers must conduct both informal and formal assessments as they move throughout a whole group lesson. If the teacher is receiving little to no feedback from students when questions are posed, the teacher probably needs to go back and try a different approach.  When a majority of the class seems to have grasped a topic, the teacher should then beg to focus on strategic small group or individual instruction. Whole group instruction is most effective when it is immediately followed by small group instruction. Any teacher who does not see value in both whole group and small group instruction is limiting their effectiveness. Whole group instruction should occur first, for many of the reasons discussed above, but it should immediately be followed with small group instruction.  Small group instruction helps solidify the concepts learned in the whole group setting, allows the teacher identify struggling students, and take another approach with them to help them master the content.

Discuss the internet in terms of the concept of the public sphere Research Paper

Discuss the internet in terms of the concept of the public sphere - Research Paper Example Specifically the theory of Habermas with regards to public sphere is no longer applicable in online public sphere. For this reason, this study highly recommends the need to modify Habermas’ theory on online public sphere. Table of Contents Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 1. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 2. Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 2.1 General Information about Public Sphere †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 5 2.2 Herbamas Theory in Public Sphere †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦... 6 2.3 Differences between the Use of the Internet and Traditional Mass Media †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 9 2.4 Significance of the Internet within the Context of Public Sphere †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 2.4.1 Main Actors in Online Public Sphere †¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ... 18 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 - 25 1. Introduction In relation to globalization, the use of the Internet together with a widerange of different social networking tools and other digital gadgets plays a significant role in today’s communication (Khan et al., 2011). In line with this, a lot of private and state-owned companies today are using their own websites, e-mail, and chat rooms to facilitate communication between and amongst the group of business people, customers, and employees (James, 2008). Likewise, the same communication platform is currently being used by the government sector for political communication and persuasion as well as online campaign purposes (Hepburn, 2012; Ameripour, Nicholson and Newman, 2010; Robertson, Vatrapu and Medina, 2010; Wattal et al., 2010) , public libraries which aim to promote community learning purposes (Jaeger et al., 2011; Nawaz et al., 2011), educational institutions for online academic teaching and learning purposes (Greenhow, Robelia and Hughes, 2009), and religious sectors that aim to educate people about the importance of renewing their religious faith (Dinham and Jones, 2012). The main purpose of this study is to explore and analyse the significance of the Internet within the concept of public sphere. In general, the public sphere is referring to a medium where people can freely observe and communicate a wide-range of social issues as well as political and economic concerns (Gerhards and Schafer, 2009). Because of the role of the Internet in today’s modern mode of communication, it is necessary to closely examine how the use of the Internet has significantly affects the traditional context of public sphere. The target readers of

Performance Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Performance Art - Essay Example This paper shall focus on performance artists and how they have been affected by various incidents and happenings. It shall highlight performance artists Marina Abramovic, Yoko Ono, and Stuart Brisley. This paper is being carried out in order to review the impact of performance art on art itself, and how these artists have impacted on the evolution and development of art in general. Each artist’s personal and professional history will first be presented, followed by a description of their significant work or performance art. Their more significant work/s shall then further be described or discussed in relation to significant incidents in their lives. Body Performance art refers to a performance which is exhibited to an audience; the performance may or may not be scripted, or it may also be carefully orchestrated or even spontaneous (Carlson, 1996, 3). In some cases, it may be performed live or taped with the performer being absent or present. It may include the situation which involves the four basic elements: time, space, performance’s body or presence in a media, and the relationship between the performer and the audience (Carlson, 1996, 4). It can happen anytime at any venue for any period. The performance of the artist exhibits the artist’s particular work of art. Three performance artists who have had a significant impact on art and on performance art shall be depicted in this essay. Marina Abramovic was born in Belgrade, and is based in New York as a Serbian performance artist (Stiles, et.al., 2008, 3). Her career first started in the 1970s and since then, she has been active in the arts for more than three decades. She has mostly been known for her performance art, exploring the relationship of the performer and the audience, the possibilities of the mind, as well as the limitations of the human body (Stiles, et.al., 2008, 5). She is considered to be the ‘grandmother of the performance art.’ In one of her earliest perfor mances, she sought to evaluate rituals and gestures, using knives and tape recorders, jabbing the knives between her fingers and each time she cut herself, she would use a different knife (Stiles, et.al., 2008, 4). In this performance, she was able to review the mistakes of the past and her previous attempts. In this performance, she sought to understand the state of consciousness of a performer and how it was actually possible to push him into actions which he could never normally do (Stiles, et.al., 2008, 6). In her next work, she considered how to create the energy caused by extreme body pain. In this performance, she cut off her nails, toenails, and hair and tossed it into a flaming star (Richards, 2009, 6). She considered these acts of purification as against the political traditions of her past; with the star representing the communism that dominated her home country for many years. To culminate her performance, she leapt across the flames into the centre of the burning star. She however passed out from lack of oxygen, but it took a while for her audience to realize such unfortunate circumstance (Richards, 2009, 7). This incident implied how physical limits can also limit performance; in this case, her passing out limited and curtailed her performance and what she wanted to convey in her art. For the years that followed, she also attempted to test the state of consciousness and whether it could also be made part of a performance (Westcott, 2010, 18). In her performance, she took a pill used by catatonic patients. This pill caused her to go into seizures and other uncontrollable movements (Westcott, 2010. 13). She recalls that while she did not have any control over her body, her mind was clear and lucid and she could observe what was actually